Astri Dwisetyati October, 1st 2009
0801191
Dik 3B1
THE PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE
The term English literature means a literature that written in English, no matter it written by authors not from England. English literature has some periods.
1. Old English
Old English appeared in the early Middle Ages. The oldest survived text from that era was Cædmon’s Hymn. The epic poems were the famous literature in that era, for example Beowulf.
2. Middle English
Middle English was a literature written in English approximately from 1336 until 1470. The literature example from this era was Sidrakan Bokkus. There were three categories of Middle English literature, such as religious, courtly love, and Arthurian.
3. Early Modern Period
Early Modern Period appeared in the late of Middle English era (the latter half of the 15 century) until 1650. One of the authors in this era was William Shakespeare. This era was divided in some periods, such as Elizabethan Literature, with Gorboduc theatre by Sackiville and Norton as the literature example; Jacobian Literature, the literature example was a comedy titled The Knight of The Burning Pestle by Beamount and Fletcher; Caroline and Cromwellion Literature, the literature example was Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes; Restoration Literature, with Oroonoko by Aphra Ben as the literature example; and Augustan Literature, the literature example was The Spectator by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele.
4. 18th Century
The 18th Century literature was a literature that appeared in the earlier of 18th century. The famous literature in this era was The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe which appeared in the late of 18th century.
5. Romanticism
In this era, almost the authors wrote a romantic literature or fall in love with something. The literature example was Ode to the Wind by Percy Shelley.
6. Victorian Literature
Victorian literature happened during the Queen Victoria’s authority in 1837 until 1901. In this era, there were lots of author that wrote novels, Jane Austen and Walter Scott for the examples.
7. Modernism Literature
This era happened in Europe between 1900 and in the middle of 1920s. Modernist literature addressed aesthetic problems similar to those examined in non-literary forms of contemporaneous Modernist art, such as Modernist painting. The literature example was The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S Eliot.
8. Postmodern Literature
The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature. It was a continuation of the experiments by the writers of the modernist period. One of the writers in that era was Alexander Trocchi.
taken from www.wikipedia.com
Jumat, 02 Oktober 2009
Periods of ENGLISH LITERATURE by BELANI ASMARA HADI - 3B2
Periods of English Literature
Periods in literature are named for rulers, historical events, intellectual or political or religious movements, or artistic styles.
In general, there are 8 periods of English Literature, Old English Period (5th-11th century), Middle English Period (12th-15th century), Renaissance (16th-17th century), Augustan Age (18th century), Romantic Period (first half of 19th century), Victorian Age (second half of 19th century), Modernism (first to Second World War), and Postmodernism (1960s and 1970s).
-The Old English or Anglo Saxon Period, the earliest period of English literature, is regarded as beginning with the invasion of Britain by Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) tribes in the 5th century AD and lasting until the French invasion under William the Conqueror in 1066.
-The Middle of English Period, a number of texts from various literary genres have been preserved. The long list includes lyrics poetry and epic "long poem" with religious contents, such as Piers Plowman (c. 1367-1370).
-The English Renaissance is also called the early new English Period, a term which focuses o the history of the language, and the Elizabethan Age (Queen Elizabeth I) or Jacobean Age (King James), division based on political rule. Particularly notable in this period is the revival of classical genres, such as the epic with Edmund Spenser's (c. 1552-1599).
-In Augustan Age period (which also referred to as the Eighteenth Century,the Neoclassical, or Golden Age), classical literature in literary theory were adapted to suit contemporary culture.
-Romanticism marks the beginning of a new period in traditional English Literary history. One of the most important representative of English Romanticism is William Blake (1757-1827). Romanticism is commonly considered to be the beginning of a new period in which nature and individual, emotional, experience play an important role.
-In the Victorian era (1837-1901), the novel became the leading form of literature in English. Most writers were now more concerned to meet the tastes of a large middle class reading public than to please aristocratic patrons. The best known works of the era include the emotionally powerful works of the Brontë sisters, the satire Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray, and the realist novels of George Eliot.
-Modernism discovered innovative narrative techniques such as stream-of-consciousness or structural forms such as collage and literary Cubism. Modernism innovations manifest themselves under the influences of psychoanalysis and other cultural-historical phenomena.
-In Postmodernism, modernist issues regarding innovative narrative techniques are taken up again and adapted in an academic, sometimes formalistic way.Narrative techniques with multiple perspectives, interwoven strands of plot and experiment in typography characterize the texts of this era.
-BBELANI ASMARA HADI 3B2-BELANI ASMARA HADI 3B2-BELANI ASMARA HADI 3B2-
Periods of English Literature by Peppy Febriandini
Periods of English Literature
by Peppy Febriandini (0801190)
Related to some sources the writer has searched and explored, this brief summary explains in general the periods of English literature, when it first appears, how it grows and develops and so on. Though the accuracy of the material is still debated to this day, the writer just tries to show common information based on some various sources. According to them, periods of literature in English are divided into eight eras.
Old English/ Anglo-Saxon Period (450-1066)
This earliest period of English literature is observed as beginning with north Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) tribes invasion to Britain in the 5th century. Initially, literary works in Anglo-Saxon had been probably passed on from speaker to speaker before being written. It may be the reason why most of writings are anonymous.
Rounded by warfare, heroic theme is commonly used in almost every old English literature like. But unfortunately, there are just small number of texts that have been inherited from this period containing chronicles, poems, narratives and epics like Beowulf (c. 8th century), “The Wanderer” (c. 9th-10th centuries) or “The Battle of Maldon” (c. 1000).
Middle English Period (1066-1500)
In the eleventh century, when the French-speaking Normans conquered Britain, there was a tangible separation between literature and culture. Later, some various literary genres have been preserved. The anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (c. 14th century) is included in a romance, a new genre of a secular kind which develops in this period. Indirectly, this form affected the development of the novel in the eighteenth century. Besides, other literary works that is produced in the middle period such as Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (c. 1387) and Giovanni Boccaccio’s Il Decamerone also play some important roles for the short story of the nineteenth.
Early New English Period (1500-1660)
It is also known as English renaissance, a period when the focus is on the language history and divisions that based on political rule like in Elizabethan Age (Queen Elizabeth I) or Jacobean Age (King James). Classical genres arises during this period and influences English literary history a lot, as for example, Edmund Spenser’s epic, Faerie Queene, William Shakespeare’s drama, Christopher Marlowe’s and others’. Shakespeare was so outstanding with his poets and plays whereas he was probably not a man of letters by profession. He was only a very gifted man and surprisingly versatile. Although most plays brought him to a great success, he still wrote what have been considered his great plays: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, and The Tempest.
In the early 16th century, Thomas Wyatt acquaints another kind of literature, the sonnet. Besides, poems are prepared to be set into music as songs, such as by Thomas Campion, becomes well-known as written literature.
Restoration Literature (1660-1700)
The greatest and the most important poetic form of the restoration period was satire. Same as previous periods, publication of works—they were satires—were done anonymously. Having associate with satire was very dangerous. In the one side, contemptible law was widely acclaimed, and the satirists would find some difficulties to avoid prosecution if they were proven to have written a work that looked to criticize a noble. In the another side, noble would pay attention to satire as often as not by having the suspected poem. John Dryden was set on for being merely suspected because of his Satire on Mankind. A consequence of this anonymity is that so many outstanding poet, are unpublished and greatly unknown.
Christian religious writing largely dominated prose form in the restoration period. is dominated by Christian religious writing, but the Restoration also indicated the beginnings of two genres that would dominate the next periods, fiction and journalism.
Augustan Age (1700-1745)
The following period which is referred to neoclassical, golden or Augustan age, which is also mentioned as an independent era of literature is the eighteenth century.
The literature of the period is overtly political and thoroughly aware of critical dictates for literature. It is an age of exuberance and scandal, of enormous energy and inventiveness and outrage, that reflected an era when English, Scottish, and Irish people found themselves in the midst of an expanding economy, lowering barriers to education, and the stirrings of the Industrial Revolution (Wikipedia, 2009). At the beginning of the epoch, John Vanbrugh and William Congreve carry on comedy play like in restoration period with some changes.
Alexander Pope stands out his poetries and becomes the most popular of the age. In the early period, the development of prose seems shifted by the English essay. But this is also the time when the English novel develops into a major literary form. For example, Daniel Defoe who is a journalist and criminal writer for the press shifts his writing to fictional criminal lives.
Romantic Period (1785-1830)
Romanticism occurs at the end of eighteenth century. The best level of instinct and nature over civilisations has been preached by J.J. Rousseau and his message was picked by almost all European poets. So nature, individual, emotional experience are very important in romantic period. The early romantic poems bring new emotionalism and introspection, and their emergence is manifested by the first romantic in English literature, the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads.
The next generation of romantic poets includes Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and John Keats. Also, the poet, painter and printmaker William Blake is usually included among the English romanticists, although his visionary work has some differences from the others.
Victorian Age (1832-1901)
That the novel leads other form of English literature is in the Victorian era (1837-1901). Most literary writers are then more regarded to taste a large middle class reading public than to please aristocratic patrons. The best known works of the period consists the emotionally powerful works of the Brontë sisters; the realist novels of George Eliot; and the satire Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray.
The Bronte sisters are the English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. Their novels caused a sensation when they are published for the first time. They have written from early childhood and were first published, at their own expense, in 1846 as poets under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. Unluckily, the book gets little attention, selling only two copies. The sisters returned to compose a novel each in the following year. Charlotte's Jane Eyre, Emily's Wuthering Heights and Anne's Agnes Grey are released in 1847 after their long and hard striving.
Children literature develops as a ruptured genre. Many writers become globally popular, such as Lewis Carroll and Edward Lear. In the end, there is Helen Beatrix Potter, an English author and illustrator, who becomes well-known for her children books that featured animal characters. Along with Lewis Carroll, her books are still published and read to this day.
Modernism (1914-1945)
English modernism seems like a reaction to the realist movements in the late nineteenth century. It reaches the top between the first and second World War. A. E. Housman, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and the poet and novelist Thomas Hardy represented a few of modernists literary writing in English during the Victorian period.
The movement grows out of a general sense of disappointment with Victorian age conservatism, attitudes of certainty, and objective truth, and is enormously influenced by some ideas of romanticism, Karl Marx's political writings, and The Psychoanalytic Theories of Subconscious by Sigmund Freud. The continental art movements of Impressionism, and later Cubism, are also important inspirations for modernist writers.
An America author, Gertrude Stein, is also a great literary force during this period, famous for her line "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose."
Postmodernism (1945-present)
The term Postmodern literature is to describe the definite inclinations in post-World War II literature. It is a continuation of the experiment that achieved by writers of the modernist period and a reaction against implicit enlightenment ideas in modernist literature. Like a whole postmodernism, postmodern literature is not easy to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics, divisions, and importance of postmodern literature. Kurt Vonnegut, Henry Miller, Joseph Heller, Hunter S. Thompson, and William S. Burroughs.
References:
Klarer, Mario. 1998. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London: Rouledge.
English Literature. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Literature. Retrieved on 25/09/09/
Literary Periods of British Literature. Available at http://englisharticles.info/free-reading-articles/literature/literary-periods-of-english-liter.html. Retrieved on 29/9/09.
Periods of English Literature. Available at http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-century/bl-periods.htm. Retrieved on 25/09/09.
by Peppy Febriandini (0801190)
Related to some sources the writer has searched and explored, this brief summary explains in general the periods of English literature, when it first appears, how it grows and develops and so on. Though the accuracy of the material is still debated to this day, the writer just tries to show common information based on some various sources. According to them, periods of literature in English are divided into eight eras.
Old English/ Anglo-Saxon Period (450-1066)
This earliest period of English literature is observed as beginning with north Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) tribes invasion to Britain in the 5th century. Initially, literary works in Anglo-Saxon had been probably passed on from speaker to speaker before being written. It may be the reason why most of writings are anonymous.
Rounded by warfare, heroic theme is commonly used in almost every old English literature like. But unfortunately, there are just small number of texts that have been inherited from this period containing chronicles, poems, narratives and epics like Beowulf (c. 8th century), “The Wanderer” (c. 9th-10th centuries) or “The Battle of Maldon” (c. 1000).
Middle English Period (1066-1500)
In the eleventh century, when the French-speaking Normans conquered Britain, there was a tangible separation between literature and culture. Later, some various literary genres have been preserved. The anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (c. 14th century) is included in a romance, a new genre of a secular kind which develops in this period. Indirectly, this form affected the development of the novel in the eighteenth century. Besides, other literary works that is produced in the middle period such as Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (c. 1387) and Giovanni Boccaccio’s Il Decamerone also play some important roles for the short story of the nineteenth.
Early New English Period (1500-1660)
It is also known as English renaissance, a period when the focus is on the language history and divisions that based on political rule like in Elizabethan Age (Queen Elizabeth I) or Jacobean Age (King James). Classical genres arises during this period and influences English literary history a lot, as for example, Edmund Spenser’s epic, Faerie Queene, William Shakespeare’s drama, Christopher Marlowe’s and others’. Shakespeare was so outstanding with his poets and plays whereas he was probably not a man of letters by profession. He was only a very gifted man and surprisingly versatile. Although most plays brought him to a great success, he still wrote what have been considered his great plays: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, and The Tempest.
In the early 16th century, Thomas Wyatt acquaints another kind of literature, the sonnet. Besides, poems are prepared to be set into music as songs, such as by Thomas Campion, becomes well-known as written literature.
Restoration Literature (1660-1700)
The greatest and the most important poetic form of the restoration period was satire. Same as previous periods, publication of works—they were satires—were done anonymously. Having associate with satire was very dangerous. In the one side, contemptible law was widely acclaimed, and the satirists would find some difficulties to avoid prosecution if they were proven to have written a work that looked to criticize a noble. In the another side, noble would pay attention to satire as often as not by having the suspected poem. John Dryden was set on for being merely suspected because of his Satire on Mankind. A consequence of this anonymity is that so many outstanding poet, are unpublished and greatly unknown.
Christian religious writing largely dominated prose form in the restoration period. is dominated by Christian religious writing, but the Restoration also indicated the beginnings of two genres that would dominate the next periods, fiction and journalism.
Augustan Age (1700-1745)
The following period which is referred to neoclassical, golden or Augustan age, which is also mentioned as an independent era of literature is the eighteenth century.
The literature of the period is overtly political and thoroughly aware of critical dictates for literature. It is an age of exuberance and scandal, of enormous energy and inventiveness and outrage, that reflected an era when English, Scottish, and Irish people found themselves in the midst of an expanding economy, lowering barriers to education, and the stirrings of the Industrial Revolution (Wikipedia, 2009). At the beginning of the epoch, John Vanbrugh and William Congreve carry on comedy play like in restoration period with some changes.
Alexander Pope stands out his poetries and becomes the most popular of the age. In the early period, the development of prose seems shifted by the English essay. But this is also the time when the English novel develops into a major literary form. For example, Daniel Defoe who is a journalist and criminal writer for the press shifts his writing to fictional criminal lives.
Romantic Period (1785-1830)
Romanticism occurs at the end of eighteenth century. The best level of instinct and nature over civilisations has been preached by J.J. Rousseau and his message was picked by almost all European poets. So nature, individual, emotional experience are very important in romantic period. The early romantic poems bring new emotionalism and introspection, and their emergence is manifested by the first romantic in English literature, the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads.
The next generation of romantic poets includes Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and John Keats. Also, the poet, painter and printmaker William Blake is usually included among the English romanticists, although his visionary work has some differences from the others.
Victorian Age (1832-1901)
That the novel leads other form of English literature is in the Victorian era (1837-1901). Most literary writers are then more regarded to taste a large middle class reading public than to please aristocratic patrons. The best known works of the period consists the emotionally powerful works of the Brontë sisters; the realist novels of George Eliot; and the satire Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray.
The Bronte sisters are the English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. Their novels caused a sensation when they are published for the first time. They have written from early childhood and were first published, at their own expense, in 1846 as poets under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. Unluckily, the book gets little attention, selling only two copies. The sisters returned to compose a novel each in the following year. Charlotte's Jane Eyre, Emily's Wuthering Heights and Anne's Agnes Grey are released in 1847 after their long and hard striving.
Children literature develops as a ruptured genre. Many writers become globally popular, such as Lewis Carroll and Edward Lear. In the end, there is Helen Beatrix Potter, an English author and illustrator, who becomes well-known for her children books that featured animal characters. Along with Lewis Carroll, her books are still published and read to this day.
Modernism (1914-1945)
English modernism seems like a reaction to the realist movements in the late nineteenth century. It reaches the top between the first and second World War. A. E. Housman, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and the poet and novelist Thomas Hardy represented a few of modernists literary writing in English during the Victorian period.
The movement grows out of a general sense of disappointment with Victorian age conservatism, attitudes of certainty, and objective truth, and is enormously influenced by some ideas of romanticism, Karl Marx's political writings, and The Psychoanalytic Theories of Subconscious by Sigmund Freud. The continental art movements of Impressionism, and later Cubism, are also important inspirations for modernist writers.
An America author, Gertrude Stein, is also a great literary force during this period, famous for her line "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose."
Postmodernism (1945-present)
The term Postmodern literature is to describe the definite inclinations in post-World War II literature. It is a continuation of the experiment that achieved by writers of the modernist period and a reaction against implicit enlightenment ideas in modernist literature. Like a whole postmodernism, postmodern literature is not easy to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics, divisions, and importance of postmodern literature. Kurt Vonnegut, Henry Miller, Joseph Heller, Hunter S. Thompson, and William S. Burroughs.
References:
Klarer, Mario. 1998. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London: Rouledge.
English Literature. Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Literature. Retrieved on 25/09/09/
Literary Periods of British Literature. Available at http://englisharticles.info/free-reading-articles/literature/literary-periods-of-english-liter.html. Retrieved on 29/9/09.
Periods of English Literature. Available at http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-century/bl-periods.htm. Retrieved on 25/09/09.
Periods of English Literatures (By Merli Puji Handayani)
Merli Puji Handayani
3B / 0807326
Periods of English Literatures
For ease of study, the historians have divided the English literature into periods, which are:
Old English Period
450-1066: Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period
The Old English or Anglo Saxon Period was begun from the invasion of Britain by Germanic (Anglo Saxon) tribes in the 5th century AD until the French invasion under William the Conqueror in 1066. During the Old English Period, the written literature was begun from the development of oral tradition, and the earliest text that written between the eight and the eleventh centuries were called Old English or Anglo Saxon. One of the most well-known eighth century Old English pieces of literature is Beowulf, a great Germanic epic poem. The other examples are two poets of the Old English Period who wrote on biblical and religious themes were Caedmon and Cynewulf.
Middle English Period
1066-1500: Middle English Period
The Middle English Period consists of the literature was begun from the conquering of England by Normans in the Eleventh century. The standard literary language was come from the dialect of the London area and became recognizable as "modern English."
Before the second half of the fourteenth century, the literature consisted of lyric poetry and epic “long poems” with religious contents. The second half of the fourteenth century produced the first great age of secular literature. The most well-known of these writings are Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur.
Renaissance Period
Renaissance period was also called the Early New English Period. The Renaissance period consists of four parts such as The Elizabethan Age, the Jacobean Age, the Caroline Age, and the Commonwealth Period (which is also known as the Puritan Interregnum).
1)1558-1603: Elizabethan Age
The Elizabethan age was existed in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I in 1558 until 1603. Lyric poetry, prose, and drama were the major styles of literature that developed during the Elizabethan Age. Some important writers of the Elizabethan Age were William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Ben Jonson.
2)1603-1625 : Jacobean Age
The Jacobean Age was existed in the reign of James I in 1603 - 1625. At this time, the literature became more sophisticated and became more conscious about social abuse and rivalry. The Jacobean Age produced rich prose and drama as well as the King James translation of the Bible. Shakespeare and Jonson wrote during the Jacobean Age, as well as John Donne, Francis Bacon, and Thomas Middleton.
3)1625-1649 : Caroline Age
The Caroline Age was existed in the reign of Charles I in 1625 - 1649. The writers of this age wrote with purity and elegance. It produced a circle of poets which known as the "Cavalier Poets" and the writers of this age were the last to write in the Elizabethan tradition.
4)1649-1660 : Commonwealth Period (or Puritan Interregnum)
The Commonwealth Period was produced during the time of Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell. This period produced the political writings of John Milton, Thomas Hobbes' political treatise Leviathan, and the prose of Andrew Marvell. In September of 1642, the Puritans closed theaters on moral and religious reasons.
The Neoclassical Period
The Neoclassical Period was much influenced by French literature. The Neoclassical Period was divided into three kinds which are the Restoration, the Augustan Age, and the Age of Sensibility.
1)1660-1700 : The Restoration
The Restoration was signed by the restoration of the monarchy and the success of reason and tolerance over religious and political passion. The Restoration produced many kinds of prose and poetry and the distinctive comedy of manners known as Restoration comedy. Two examples that produced were Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. Those were published by John Milton.
The Other major writers of this era were John Dryden, John Wilmot 2nd Earl of Rochester, and John Locke.
2)1700-1745 : The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope)
The Augustan Age was named from the brilliant literary period of Vergil and Ovid under the Roman emperor Augustus (27 B.C. - A.D. 14). The Augustan Age refers to literature with the predominant characteristics of refinement, clarity, elegance, and balance of judgment. The famous writers of the Augustan Age were Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and Daniel Defoe
3)1745-1785 : The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson)
In The Age of Sensibility, literature began to emphasize instinct and feeling, rather than judgment and restraint. A growing sympathy for the Middle Ages during the Age of Sensibility marked an interest in medieval ballads and folk literature. Another name for this period is the Age of Johnson because the dominant authors of this period were Samuel Johnson. This period also produced some of the greatest early novels of the English language, including Richardson's Clarissa (1748) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1749).
The Romantic Period
1785-1830: The Romantic Period
The Romantic Period began in the late 18th century until approximately 1832. Romantic literature can be characterized by its personal nature, its strong use of feeling, its abundant use of symbolism, and its exploration of nature and the supernatural. In addition, the writings of the Romantics were considered innovative based on their belief that literature should be spontaneous, imaginative, personal, and free. The Romantic representative authors were Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, and Lord Byron.
The Victorian Period
1832-1901: The Victorian Period
The Victorian Period began with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne in 1837 until her death in 1901. The Victorian Period spans over six decades, the year 1870 is often used to divide the era into "early Victorian" and "late Victorian." In general, Victorian literature deals with the issues and problems of the day. Some issues that the Victorians dealt were the social, economic, religious, and intellectual issues and problems surrounding the Industrial Revolution, growing class tensions, the early feminist movement, pressures toward political and social reform, and the impact of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution on philosophy and religion. Some of the most recognized authors of the Victorian era were Alfred Lord Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, her husband Robert, Matthew Arnold, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy.
Within the Victorian Period, there were two other literary movements. They were The Pre-Raphaelites and The Aestheticism and Decadence movement.
The Pre-Raphaelites
1848-1860: The Pre-Raphaelites
The Pre-Raphaelites wanted to return into a style of truthfulness, simplicity, and religious loyalty that had reigned prior to Raphael and the high Italian Renaissance. Rossetti and his sister Christina, incorporated these ideals into their literature, and the result was that of the literary Pre-Raphaelites.
The Aestheticism and Decadence movement
1880-1901: Aestheticism and Decadence
The Aestheticism and Decadence movement grew from the French movement of the same name. The authors of this movement encouraged experimentation and held the view that art is totally opposed "natural" norms of morality. This style of literature opposed the opinion that any art was not useful or did not teach moral values. A well-known author of the English Aestheticism and Decadence movement is Oscar Wilde.
The Edwardian Period
1901-1914: The Edwardian Period
The Edwardian Period is named for King Edward VII and the length of this period from Queen Victoria's death until the beginning of World War I. During this time, the British Empire was at its height and the wealthy lived on materialistic luxury. However, four fifths of the English population lived in poverty line. The writings of the Edwardian Period reflect and comment on these social conditions. For example, writers such as George Bernard Shaw and H.G. Wells attacked social injustice and the selfishness of the upper classes. The Other writers of the time include William Butler Yeats, Joseph Conrad, Rudyard Kipling, Henry James, and E.M. Forster.
The Georgian Period
1910-1936: The Georgian Period
The Georgian Period is named for the reign of George V. Many writers of the Edwardian Period continued to write during the Georgian Period. This era also produced a group of poets known as the Georgian poets. These writers, now regarded as minor poets, were published in four anthologies entitled Georgian Poetry, published by Edward Marsh between 1912 and 1922. Georgian poetry focused on rural subject matter and is traditional in technique and form.
The Modern Period
1914-1945: The Modern Period
The Modern Period began from World War I in 1914. The authors of the Modern Period have experimented with subject matter, form, and style and have produced achievements in all literary genres. Poets of the period include Yeats, T.S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, and Seamus Heaney. Novelists include James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, and Virginia Woolf. Dramatists include Noel Coward and Samuel Beckett.
The Postmodern Period
1945-present: The Postmodern Period
Postmodernism blends literary genres and styles and attempts to break free of modernist forms. Modernist issues regarding innovative narrative techniques are taken up again and adapted in an academic. While the British literary scene at the turn of the new millennium is crowded and varied, the authors still fall into the categories of modernism and postmodernism. However, with the passage of time the Modern era may be reorganized and expanded.
References:
http://englisharticles.info/free-reading-articles/literature/literary-periods-of-english-liter.html
Klarer, Mario. (1998). An Introduction to Literary Studies. London: Routledge
3B / 0807326
Periods of English Literatures
For ease of study, the historians have divided the English literature into periods, which are:
Old English Period
450-1066: Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period
The Old English or Anglo Saxon Period was begun from the invasion of Britain by Germanic (Anglo Saxon) tribes in the 5th century AD until the French invasion under William the Conqueror in 1066. During the Old English Period, the written literature was begun from the development of oral tradition, and the earliest text that written between the eight and the eleventh centuries were called Old English or Anglo Saxon. One of the most well-known eighth century Old English pieces of literature is Beowulf, a great Germanic epic poem. The other examples are two poets of the Old English Period who wrote on biblical and religious themes were Caedmon and Cynewulf.
Middle English Period
1066-1500: Middle English Period
The Middle English Period consists of the literature was begun from the conquering of England by Normans in the Eleventh century. The standard literary language was come from the dialect of the London area and became recognizable as "modern English."
Before the second half of the fourteenth century, the literature consisted of lyric poetry and epic “long poems” with religious contents. The second half of the fourteenth century produced the first great age of secular literature. The most well-known of these writings are Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur.
Renaissance Period
Renaissance period was also called the Early New English Period. The Renaissance period consists of four parts such as The Elizabethan Age, the Jacobean Age, the Caroline Age, and the Commonwealth Period (which is also known as the Puritan Interregnum).
1)1558-1603: Elizabethan Age
The Elizabethan age was existed in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I in 1558 until 1603. Lyric poetry, prose, and drama were the major styles of literature that developed during the Elizabethan Age. Some important writers of the Elizabethan Age were William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Ben Jonson.
2)1603-1625 : Jacobean Age
The Jacobean Age was existed in the reign of James I in 1603 - 1625. At this time, the literature became more sophisticated and became more conscious about social abuse and rivalry. The Jacobean Age produced rich prose and drama as well as the King James translation of the Bible. Shakespeare and Jonson wrote during the Jacobean Age, as well as John Donne, Francis Bacon, and Thomas Middleton.
3)1625-1649 : Caroline Age
The Caroline Age was existed in the reign of Charles I in 1625 - 1649. The writers of this age wrote with purity and elegance. It produced a circle of poets which known as the "Cavalier Poets" and the writers of this age were the last to write in the Elizabethan tradition.
4)1649-1660 : Commonwealth Period (or Puritan Interregnum)
The Commonwealth Period was produced during the time of Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell. This period produced the political writings of John Milton, Thomas Hobbes' political treatise Leviathan, and the prose of Andrew Marvell. In September of 1642, the Puritans closed theaters on moral and religious reasons.
The Neoclassical Period
The Neoclassical Period was much influenced by French literature. The Neoclassical Period was divided into three kinds which are the Restoration, the Augustan Age, and the Age of Sensibility.
1)1660-1700 : The Restoration
The Restoration was signed by the restoration of the monarchy and the success of reason and tolerance over religious and political passion. The Restoration produced many kinds of prose and poetry and the distinctive comedy of manners known as Restoration comedy. Two examples that produced were Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. Those were published by John Milton.
The Other major writers of this era were John Dryden, John Wilmot 2nd Earl of Rochester, and John Locke.
2)1700-1745 : The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope)
The Augustan Age was named from the brilliant literary period of Vergil and Ovid under the Roman emperor Augustus (27 B.C. - A.D. 14). The Augustan Age refers to literature with the predominant characteristics of refinement, clarity, elegance, and balance of judgment. The famous writers of the Augustan Age were Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and Daniel Defoe
3)1745-1785 : The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson)
In The Age of Sensibility, literature began to emphasize instinct and feeling, rather than judgment and restraint. A growing sympathy for the Middle Ages during the Age of Sensibility marked an interest in medieval ballads and folk literature. Another name for this period is the Age of Johnson because the dominant authors of this period were Samuel Johnson. This period also produced some of the greatest early novels of the English language, including Richardson's Clarissa (1748) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1749).
The Romantic Period
1785-1830: The Romantic Period
The Romantic Period began in the late 18th century until approximately 1832. Romantic literature can be characterized by its personal nature, its strong use of feeling, its abundant use of symbolism, and its exploration of nature and the supernatural. In addition, the writings of the Romantics were considered innovative based on their belief that literature should be spontaneous, imaginative, personal, and free. The Romantic representative authors were Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, and Lord Byron.
The Victorian Period
1832-1901: The Victorian Period
The Victorian Period began with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne in 1837 until her death in 1901. The Victorian Period spans over six decades, the year 1870 is often used to divide the era into "early Victorian" and "late Victorian." In general, Victorian literature deals with the issues and problems of the day. Some issues that the Victorians dealt were the social, economic, religious, and intellectual issues and problems surrounding the Industrial Revolution, growing class tensions, the early feminist movement, pressures toward political and social reform, and the impact of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution on philosophy and religion. Some of the most recognized authors of the Victorian era were Alfred Lord Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, her husband Robert, Matthew Arnold, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy.
Within the Victorian Period, there were two other literary movements. They were The Pre-Raphaelites and The Aestheticism and Decadence movement.
The Pre-Raphaelites
1848-1860: The Pre-Raphaelites
The Pre-Raphaelites wanted to return into a style of truthfulness, simplicity, and religious loyalty that had reigned prior to Raphael and the high Italian Renaissance. Rossetti and his sister Christina, incorporated these ideals into their literature, and the result was that of the literary Pre-Raphaelites.
The Aestheticism and Decadence movement
1880-1901: Aestheticism and Decadence
The Aestheticism and Decadence movement grew from the French movement of the same name. The authors of this movement encouraged experimentation and held the view that art is totally opposed "natural" norms of morality. This style of literature opposed the opinion that any art was not useful or did not teach moral values. A well-known author of the English Aestheticism and Decadence movement is Oscar Wilde.
The Edwardian Period
1901-1914: The Edwardian Period
The Edwardian Period is named for King Edward VII and the length of this period from Queen Victoria's death until the beginning of World War I. During this time, the British Empire was at its height and the wealthy lived on materialistic luxury. However, four fifths of the English population lived in poverty line. The writings of the Edwardian Period reflect and comment on these social conditions. For example, writers such as George Bernard Shaw and H.G. Wells attacked social injustice and the selfishness of the upper classes. The Other writers of the time include William Butler Yeats, Joseph Conrad, Rudyard Kipling, Henry James, and E.M. Forster.
The Georgian Period
1910-1936: The Georgian Period
The Georgian Period is named for the reign of George V. Many writers of the Edwardian Period continued to write during the Georgian Period. This era also produced a group of poets known as the Georgian poets. These writers, now regarded as minor poets, were published in four anthologies entitled Georgian Poetry, published by Edward Marsh between 1912 and 1922. Georgian poetry focused on rural subject matter and is traditional in technique and form.
The Modern Period
1914-1945: The Modern Period
The Modern Period began from World War I in 1914. The authors of the Modern Period have experimented with subject matter, form, and style and have produced achievements in all literary genres. Poets of the period include Yeats, T.S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, and Seamus Heaney. Novelists include James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, and Virginia Woolf. Dramatists include Noel Coward and Samuel Beckett.
The Postmodern Period
1945-present: The Postmodern Period
Postmodernism blends literary genres and styles and attempts to break free of modernist forms. Modernist issues regarding innovative narrative techniques are taken up again and adapted in an academic. While the British literary scene at the turn of the new millennium is crowded and varied, the authors still fall into the categories of modernism and postmodernism. However, with the passage of time the Modern era may be reorganized and expanded.
References:
http://englisharticles.info/free-reading-articles/literature/literary-periods-of-english-liter.html
Klarer, Mario. (1998). An Introduction to Literary Studies. London: Routledge
Periods of English Literature by Nazmi Maulida (0805384) 3B1
Periods of English Literature by Nazmi Maulida (0805384) 3B1
Name : Nazmi Maulida
Class : 3B1
SN : 0805384
Periods of English Literature
Periods of English Literature divided into eight periods: Old English Period, Middle English Period, Renaissance, Augustan Age, Romantic period, Victorian Age, and Modernism, Postmodernism.
The first is Old English Period. Old English literature encompasses literature written in Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon, during the 600-year). There are two types of Old English poetry; The Heroic Germanic pre-Christian and The Christian. Next, there are also Elegiac, Classical and Latin poetry. Beside the poetry, there are also written in Old English Period; Prose (included Secular Prose, Christian Prose; The most widely known author of Old English was King Alfred). The amount of surviving Old English prose is much greater than the amount of poetry.
The second is Middle English Period (from approximately 1336). An example of late Middle English literature is Sidrak and Bokkus. There are three main categories of Middle English Literature: Religious, Courtly love, and Arthurian. In Europe, middle age is considered from 5th to 15th century.
The third is Renaissance (from the early 16th century to the early 17th century). Sometimes this era is referred to as "the age of Shakespeare" or "the Elizabethan era". Besides, England came closer to reaching modern science. The English Renaissance is different from the Italian Renaissance in several ways. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music. In Italian Renaissance there was Visual Arts. The major literary figures in the English Renaissance include: Francis Bacon, Thomas Dekker, John Donne, John Fletcher, John Ford, Ben Jonson, Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, Phillip Massinger, Thomas Middleton, John Milton, Sir Thomas More, Thomas Nashe, William Rowley, William Shakespeare, James Shirley, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, John Webster, Sir Thomas Wyatt.
The fourth is Augustan Age (Early Modern Period; in the first half of the 18th century). The contents of this period are Prose (the essay/ journalism, philosophy and religious writing, the novel), Poetry, and Drama. In this era the literature began to appear from all over the kingdom.
The fifth is Romantic Period. The most popular novelist of the era was Sir Walter Scott. He is inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe. Early Romantic Poets brought a new emotionalism and introspection, and their emergence. The first Poet in England were the Lake Poets, a small group of friends including William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The "Second generation" of Romantic poets includes Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and John Keats.
The sixth is Victorian Age (1837-1901). The Bronte sisters are the best known works of the era. They have the emotionally powerful works. The Bronte sisters were English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. They had written compulsively from early childhood and were first published.
The seventh is Modernism (between 1900 and the middle 1920s). The several majors in this era are the seminal short story collection Dubliners by James Joyce, Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, and the poetry and drama of William Butler Yeats. Pablo Picasso is the most popular artist in this era.
The eighth is Postmodernism. A list of postmodern authors often varies; William Burroughs (1914-1997), Alexander Trocchi (1925-1984), Kurt Vonnegut (1922-2007), John Barth (b. 1930), Donald Barthelme (1931-1989), E. L. Doctorow (b. 1931), Robert Coover (1932), Jerzy Kosinski (1933-1991) Don DeLillo (b. 1936), Thomas Pynchon (b. 1937), Ishmael Reed (1938), Kathy Acker (1947-1997), Paul Auster (b. 1947)[1], Orhan Pamuk (b. 1952). The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
Klarer, Mario. (1998). An Introduction to Literary Studies. London: Routledge.
Name : Nazmi Maulida
Class : 3B1
SN : 0805384
Periods of English Literature
Periods of English Literature divided into eight periods: Old English Period, Middle English Period, Renaissance, Augustan Age, Romantic period, Victorian Age, and Modernism, Postmodernism.
The first is Old English Period. Old English literature encompasses literature written in Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon, during the 600-year). There are two types of Old English poetry; The Heroic Germanic pre-Christian and The Christian. Next, there are also Elegiac, Classical and Latin poetry. Beside the poetry, there are also written in Old English Period; Prose (included Secular Prose, Christian Prose; The most widely known author of Old English was King Alfred). The amount of surviving Old English prose is much greater than the amount of poetry.
The second is Middle English Period (from approximately 1336). An example of late Middle English literature is Sidrak and Bokkus. There are three main categories of Middle English Literature: Religious, Courtly love, and Arthurian. In Europe, middle age is considered from 5th to 15th century.
The third is Renaissance (from the early 16th century to the early 17th century). Sometimes this era is referred to as "the age of Shakespeare" or "the Elizabethan era". Besides, England came closer to reaching modern science. The English Renaissance is different from the Italian Renaissance in several ways. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music. In Italian Renaissance there was Visual Arts. The major literary figures in the English Renaissance include: Francis Bacon, Thomas Dekker, John Donne, John Fletcher, John Ford, Ben Jonson, Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, Phillip Massinger, Thomas Middleton, John Milton, Sir Thomas More, Thomas Nashe, William Rowley, William Shakespeare, James Shirley, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, John Webster, Sir Thomas Wyatt.
The fourth is Augustan Age (Early Modern Period; in the first half of the 18th century). The contents of this period are Prose (the essay/ journalism, philosophy and religious writing, the novel), Poetry, and Drama. In this era the literature began to appear from all over the kingdom.
The fifth is Romantic Period. The most popular novelist of the era was Sir Walter Scott. He is inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe. Early Romantic Poets brought a new emotionalism and introspection, and their emergence. The first Poet in England were the Lake Poets, a small group of friends including William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The "Second generation" of Romantic poets includes Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and John Keats.
The sixth is Victorian Age (1837-1901). The Bronte sisters are the best known works of the era. They have the emotionally powerful works. The Bronte sisters were English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. They had written compulsively from early childhood and were first published.
The seventh is Modernism (between 1900 and the middle 1920s). The several majors in this era are the seminal short story collection Dubliners by James Joyce, Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, and the poetry and drama of William Butler Yeats. Pablo Picasso is the most popular artist in this era.
The eighth is Postmodernism. A list of postmodern authors often varies; William Burroughs (1914-1997), Alexander Trocchi (1925-1984), Kurt Vonnegut (1922-2007), John Barth (b. 1930), Donald Barthelme (1931-1989), E. L. Doctorow (b. 1931), Robert Coover (1932), Jerzy Kosinski (1933-1991) Don DeLillo (b. 1936), Thomas Pynchon (b. 1937), Ishmael Reed (1938), Kathy Acker (1947-1997), Paul Auster (b. 1947)[1], Orhan Pamuk (b. 1952). The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
Klarer, Mario. (1998). An Introduction to Literary Studies. London: Routledge.
Kamis, 01 Oktober 2009
Periods of English Literature by Nazmi Maulida (0805384) 3B1
Periods of English Literature by Nazmi Maulida (0805384) 3B1
Name : Nazmi Maulida
Class : 3B1
SN : 0805384
Periods of English Literature
Periods of English Literature divided into eight periods: Old English Period, Middle English Period, Renaissance, Augustan Age, Romantic period, Victorian Age, and Modernism, Postmodernism.
The first is Old English Period. Old English literature encompasses literature written in Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon, during the 600-year). There are two types of Old English poetry; The Heroic Germanic pre-Christian and The Christian. Next, there are also Elegiac, Classical and Latin poetry. Beside the poetry, there are also written in Old English Period; Prose (included Secular Prose, Christian Prose; The most widely known author of Old English was King Alfred). The amount of surviving Old English prose is much greater than the amount of poetry.
The second is Middle English Period (from approximately 1336). An example of late Middle English literature is Sidrak and Bokkus. There are three main categories of Middle English Literature: Religious, Courtly love, and Arthurian. In Europe, middle age is considered from 5th to 15th century.
The third is Renaissance (from the early 16th century to the early 17th century). Sometimes this era is referred to as "the age of Shakespeare" or "the Elizabethan era". Besides, England came closer to reaching modern science. The English Renaissance is different from the Italian Renaissance in several ways. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music. In Italian Renaissance there was Visual Arts. The major literary figures in the English Renaissance include: Francis Bacon, Thomas Dekker, John Donne, John Fletcher, John Ford, Ben Jonson, Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, Phillip Massinger, Thomas Middleton, John Milton, Sir Thomas More, Thomas Nashe, William Rowley, William Shakespeare, James Shirley, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, John Webster, Sir Thomas Wyatt.
The fourth is Augustan Age (Early Modern Period; in the first half of the 18th century). The contents of this period are Prose (the essay/ journalism, philosophy and religious writing, the novel), Poetry, and Drama. In this era the literature began to appear from all over the kingdom.
The fifth is Romantic Period. The most popular novelist of the era was Sir Walter Scott. He is inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe. Early Romantic Poets brought a new emotionalism and introspection, and their emergence. The first Poet in England were the Lake Poets, a small group of friends including William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The "Second generation" of Romantic poets includes Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and John Keats.
The sixth is Victorian Age (1837-1901). The Bronte sisters are the best known works of the era. They have the emotionally powerful works. The Bronte sisters were English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. They had written compulsively from early childhood and were first published.
The seventh is Modernism (between 1900 and the middle 1920s). The several majors in this era are the seminal short story collection Dubliners by James Joyce, Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, and the poetry and drama of William Butler Yeats. Pablo Picasso is the most popular artist in this era.
The eighth is Postmodernism. A list of postmodern authors often varies; William Burroughs (1914-1997), Alexander Trocchi (1925-1984), Kurt Vonnegut (1922-2007), John Barth (b. 1930), Donald Barthelme (1931-1989), E. L. Doctorow (b. 1931), Robert Coover (1932), Jerzy Kosinski (1933-1991) Don DeLillo (b. 1936), Thomas Pynchon (b. 1937), Ishmael Reed (1938), Kathy Acker (1947-1997), Paul Auster (b. 1947)[1], Orhan Pamuk (b. 1952). The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
Klarer, Mario. (1998). An Introduction to Literary Studies. London: Routledge.
Name : Nazmi Maulida
Class : 3B1
SN : 0805384
Periods of English Literature
Periods of English Literature divided into eight periods: Old English Period, Middle English Period, Renaissance, Augustan Age, Romantic period, Victorian Age, and Modernism, Postmodernism.
The first is Old English Period. Old English literature encompasses literature written in Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon, during the 600-year). There are two types of Old English poetry; The Heroic Germanic pre-Christian and The Christian. Next, there are also Elegiac, Classical and Latin poetry. Beside the poetry, there are also written in Old English Period; Prose (included Secular Prose, Christian Prose; The most widely known author of Old English was King Alfred). The amount of surviving Old English prose is much greater than the amount of poetry.
The second is Middle English Period (from approximately 1336). An example of late Middle English literature is Sidrak and Bokkus. There are three main categories of Middle English Literature: Religious, Courtly love, and Arthurian. In Europe, middle age is considered from 5th to 15th century.
The third is Renaissance (from the early 16th century to the early 17th century). Sometimes this era is referred to as "the age of Shakespeare" or "the Elizabethan era". Besides, England came closer to reaching modern science. The English Renaissance is different from the Italian Renaissance in several ways. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music. In Italian Renaissance there was Visual Arts. The major literary figures in the English Renaissance include: Francis Bacon, Thomas Dekker, John Donne, John Fletcher, John Ford, Ben Jonson, Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, Phillip Massinger, Thomas Middleton, John Milton, Sir Thomas More, Thomas Nashe, William Rowley, William Shakespeare, James Shirley, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, John Webster, Sir Thomas Wyatt.
The fourth is Augustan Age (Early Modern Period; in the first half of the 18th century). The contents of this period are Prose (the essay/ journalism, philosophy and religious writing, the novel), Poetry, and Drama. In this era the literature began to appear from all over the kingdom.
The fifth is Romantic Period. The most popular novelist of the era was Sir Walter Scott. He is inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe. Early Romantic Poets brought a new emotionalism and introspection, and their emergence. The first Poet in England were the Lake Poets, a small group of friends including William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The "Second generation" of Romantic poets includes Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and John Keats.
The sixth is Victorian Age (1837-1901). The Bronte sisters are the best known works of the era. They have the emotionally powerful works. The Bronte sisters were English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. They had written compulsively from early childhood and were first published.
The seventh is Modernism (between 1900 and the middle 1920s). The several majors in this era are the seminal short story collection Dubliners by James Joyce, Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, and the poetry and drama of William Butler Yeats. Pablo Picasso is the most popular artist in this era.
The eighth is Postmodernism. A list of postmodern authors often varies; William Burroughs (1914-1997), Alexander Trocchi (1925-1984), Kurt Vonnegut (1922-2007), John Barth (b. 1930), Donald Barthelme (1931-1989), E. L. Doctorow (b. 1931), Robert Coover (1932), Jerzy Kosinski (1933-1991) Don DeLillo (b. 1936), Thomas Pynchon (b. 1937), Ishmael Reed (1938), Kathy Acker (1947-1997), Paul Auster (b. 1947)[1], Orhan Pamuk (b. 1952). The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
Klarer, Mario. (1998). An Introduction to Literary Studies. London: Routledge.
Periods of English Literature
Sintia Hamidah Ilyasa 0807340
Dik B 08
Periods of English literature
Old English period (450-1066)
The first works in English, written in Old English, appeared in the early Middle Ages (the oldest surviving text is Cædmon's Hymn). The oral tradition was very strong in the early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were thus very popular and many, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day in the rich corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature that closely resemble today's Icelandic, Norwegian, North Frisian and the Northumbrian and Scots English dialects of modern English. refers to the literature produced from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror. During the Old English Period, written literature began to develop from oral tradition, and in the eighth century poetry written in the vernacular Anglo-Saxon (also known as Old English) appeared
Middle English period (1066-1500)
consists of the literature produced in the four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and about 1500, when the standard literary language, derived from the dialect of the London area, became recognizable as "modern English."
Prior to the second half of the fourteenth century, vernacular literature consisted primarily of religious writings. The second half of the fourteenth century produced the first great age of secular literature. The most widely known of these writings are Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur.
Renaissance (1500-1660)
While the English Renaissance began with the ascent of the House of Tudor to the English throne in 1485, the English Literary Renaissance began with English humanists such as Sir Thomas More and Sir Thomas Wyatt. In addition, the English Literary Renaissance consists of four subsets: The Elizabethan Age, the Jacobean Age, the Caroline Age, and the Commonwealth Period (which is also known as the Puritan Interregnum).
Augustan age (1700-1745)
The term Augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and 1730's themselves, who responded to a term that George I of England preferred for himself. While George I meant the title to reflect his might, they instead saw in it a reflection of Ancient Rome's transition from rough and ready literature to highly political and highly polished literature. Because of the aptness of the metaphor, the period from 1689 - 1750 was called "the Augustan Age" by critics throughout the 18th century (including Voltaire and Oliver Goldsmith).
Romantic period (1785-1830)
literature began in the late 18th century and lasted until approximately 1832. In general, Romantic literature can be characterized by its personal nature, its strong use of feeling, its abundant use of symbolism, and its exploration of nature and the supernatural.
Victorian age (1832-1901)
began with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne in 1832, and lasted until her death in 1901. Because the Victorian Period of English literature spans over six decades, the year 1870 is often used to divide the era into "early Victorian" and "late Victorian." that the novel became the leading form of literature in English. Most writers were now more concerned to meet the tastes of a large middle class reading public than to please aristocratic patrons. The best known works of the era include the emotionally powerful works of the Brontë sisters; the satire Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray; the realist novels of George Eliot; and Anthony Trollope's insightful portrayals of the lives of the landowning and professional classes.
Modernism (1914-1945)
applies to British literature written since the beginning of World War I in 1914. The authors of the Modern Period have experimented with subject matter, form, and style and have produced achievements in all literary genres. Poets of the period include Yeats, T.S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, and Seamus Heaney. Novelists include James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, and Virginia Woolf. Dramatists include Noel Coward and Samuel Beckett.
Postmodernism (1945-present)
Following World War II (1939-1945), the Postmodern Period of British Literature developed. Postmodernism blends literary genres and styles and attempts to break free of modernist forms.
While the British literary scene at the turn of the new millennium is crowded and varied, the authors still fall into the categories of modernism and postmodernism. However, with the passage of time the Modern era may be reorganized and expanded.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
www.englisharticles.info
Klarer Mario (London: An Introduction to Literary Studies,1998)
Dik B 08
Periods of English literature
Old English period (450-1066)
The first works in English, written in Old English, appeared in the early Middle Ages (the oldest surviving text is Cædmon's Hymn). The oral tradition was very strong in the early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were thus very popular and many, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day in the rich corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature that closely resemble today's Icelandic, Norwegian, North Frisian and the Northumbrian and Scots English dialects of modern English. refers to the literature produced from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror. During the Old English Period, written literature began to develop from oral tradition, and in the eighth century poetry written in the vernacular Anglo-Saxon (also known as Old English) appeared
Middle English period (1066-1500)
consists of the literature produced in the four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and about 1500, when the standard literary language, derived from the dialect of the London area, became recognizable as "modern English."
Prior to the second half of the fourteenth century, vernacular literature consisted primarily of religious writings. The second half of the fourteenth century produced the first great age of secular literature. The most widely known of these writings are Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur.
Renaissance (1500-1660)
While the English Renaissance began with the ascent of the House of Tudor to the English throne in 1485, the English Literary Renaissance began with English humanists such as Sir Thomas More and Sir Thomas Wyatt. In addition, the English Literary Renaissance consists of four subsets: The Elizabethan Age, the Jacobean Age, the Caroline Age, and the Commonwealth Period (which is also known as the Puritan Interregnum).
Augustan age (1700-1745)
The term Augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and 1730's themselves, who responded to a term that George I of England preferred for himself. While George I meant the title to reflect his might, they instead saw in it a reflection of Ancient Rome's transition from rough and ready literature to highly political and highly polished literature. Because of the aptness of the metaphor, the period from 1689 - 1750 was called "the Augustan Age" by critics throughout the 18th century (including Voltaire and Oliver Goldsmith).
Romantic period (1785-1830)
literature began in the late 18th century and lasted until approximately 1832. In general, Romantic literature can be characterized by its personal nature, its strong use of feeling, its abundant use of symbolism, and its exploration of nature and the supernatural.
Victorian age (1832-1901)
began with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne in 1832, and lasted until her death in 1901. Because the Victorian Period of English literature spans over six decades, the year 1870 is often used to divide the era into "early Victorian" and "late Victorian." that the novel became the leading form of literature in English. Most writers were now more concerned to meet the tastes of a large middle class reading public than to please aristocratic patrons. The best known works of the era include the emotionally powerful works of the Brontë sisters; the satire Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray; the realist novels of George Eliot; and Anthony Trollope's insightful portrayals of the lives of the landowning and professional classes.
Modernism (1914-1945)
applies to British literature written since the beginning of World War I in 1914. The authors of the Modern Period have experimented with subject matter, form, and style and have produced achievements in all literary genres. Poets of the period include Yeats, T.S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, and Seamus Heaney. Novelists include James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, and Virginia Woolf. Dramatists include Noel Coward and Samuel Beckett.
Postmodernism (1945-present)
Following World War II (1939-1945), the Postmodern Period of British Literature developed. Postmodernism blends literary genres and styles and attempts to break free of modernist forms.
While the British literary scene at the turn of the new millennium is crowded and varied, the authors still fall into the categories of modernism and postmodernism. However, with the passage of time the Modern era may be reorganized and expanded.
References:
www.wikipedia.com
www.englisharticles.info
Klarer Mario (London: An Introduction to Literary Studies,1998)
Periods of English Literature
Name : Aminurasid
Class : 3B (dik)
Number. Student : 0809446
Lesson : Fondation of Literature
EARLY PERIODS OF LITERATURE
These periods are spans of time in which literature shared intellectual, linguistic, religious, and artistic influences. In the Western tradition, the early periods of literary history are roughly as follows below:
A. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (1200 BCE - 455 CE)
I. HOMERIC or HEROIC PERIOD (1200-800 BCE) Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey. This is a chaotic period of warrior-princes, wandering sea-traders, and fierce pirates.
II. CLASSICAL GREEK PERIOD (800-200 BCE) Greek writers, playwrights, and philosophers such as Gorgias,
Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, and Sophocles. The fifth century (499-400 BCE) in particular is renowned as The Golden Age of Greece. This is the sophisticated period of the polis, or individual City-State, and early democracy. Some of the world's finest art, poetry, drama, architecture, and philosophy originate in Athens.
III. CLASSICAL ROMAN PERIOD (200 BCE-455 CE) Greece's culture gives way to Roman power when Rome
conquers Greece in 146 CE. The Roman Republic was traditionally founded in 509 BCE, but it is limited in size until later. Playwrights of this time include Plautus and Terence. After nearly 500 years as a Republic, Rome slides into dictatorship under Julius Caesar and finally into a monarchial empire under Caesar Augustus in 27 CE. This later period is known as the Roman Imperial period. Roman writers include Ovid, Horace, and Virgil. Roman philosophers include Marcus Aurelius and Lucretius. Roman rhetoricians include Cicero and Quintilian.
IV. PATRISTIC PERIOD (c. 70 CE-455 CE) Early Christian writings appear such as Saint Augustine, Tertullian,
Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose and Saint Jerome. This is the period in which Saint Jerome first compiles the Bible, when Christianity spreads across Europe, and the Roman Empire suffers its dying convulsions. In this period, barbarians attack Rome in 410 CE and the city finally falls to them completely in 455 CE.
B. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD (455 CE-1485 CE)
I. THE OLD ENGLISH (ANGLO-SAXON) PERIOD (428-1066) The so-called "Dark Ages" (455 CE -799 CE) occur when Rome falls and barbarian tribes move into Europe. Franks,
Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Goths settle in the ruins of Europe and the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrate to Britain, displacing native Celts into Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. Early Old English poems such as Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer originate sometime late in the Anglo-Saxon period.
The Carolingian Renaissance (800- 850 CE) emerges in Europe. In central Europe, texts include early medieval grammars, encyclopedias, etc. In northern Europe, this time period marks the setting of Viking sagas.
II. THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (c. 1066-1450 CE) In 1066, Norman French armies invade and conquer England under William I. This marks the end of the Anglo-
Saxon hierarchy and the emergence of the Twelfth Century Renaissance (c. 1100-1200 CE). French chivalric romances--such as works by Chretien de Troyes--and French fables--such as the works of Marie de France and Jeun de Meun--spread in popularity. Abelard and other humanists produce great scholastic and theological works.
Late or "High" Medieval Period (c. 1200-1485 CE): This often tumultuous period is marked by the Middle English writings of Geoffrey Chaucer, the "Gawain" or "Pearl" Poet, the Wakefield Master, and William Langland. Other writers include Italian and French authors like Boccaccio, Petrarch, Dante, and Christine de Pisan.
C. THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION (c. 1485-1660 CE)
(The Renaissance takes place in the late 15th, 16th, and early 17th century in Britain, but somewhat earlier in Italy and the southern Europe, somewhat later in northern Europe.)
I. Early Tudor Period (1485-1558): The War of the Roses ends in England with Henry Tudor (Henry VII) claiming the throne. Martin Luther's split with Rome marks the emergence of Protestantism, followed by Henry VIII's Anglican schism, which creates the first Protestant church in England. Edmund Spenser is a sample poet.
II. Elizabethan Period (1558-1603): Queen Elizabeth saves England from both Spanish invasion and internal squabbles at home. Her reign is marked by the early works of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Kydd, and Sidney.
III. Jacobean Period (1603-1625): Shakespeare's later work, Aemilia Lanyer, Ben Jonson, and John Donne. IV. Caroline Age (1625-1649): John Milton, George Herbert, Robert Herrick, the "Sons of Ben" and others write
during the reign of Charles I and his Cavaliers. V. Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interregnum (1649-1660): Under Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John
Milton continues to write, but we also find writers like Andrew Marvell and Sir Thomas Browne.
LATER PERIODS OF LITERATURE
These periods are spans of time in which literature shared intellectual, linguistic, religious, and artistic influences. In the Western tradition, the later periods of literary history are roughly as follows below:
D. The Enlightenment (Neoclassical) Period (c. 1660-1790)
"Neoclassical" refers to the increased influence of Classical literature upon these centuries. The Neoclassical Period is also called the "Enlightenment" due to the increased reverence for logic and disdain for superstition. The period is marked by the rise of Deism, intellectual backlash against earlier Puritanism, and America's revolution against England. I. Restoration Period (c. 1660-1700): This period marks the British king's restoration to the throne after a long period of Puritan domination in England. Its symptoms include the dominance of French and Classical influences on poetry and drama. Sample writers include John Dryden, John Lock, Sir William Temple, and Samuel Pepys, and Aphra Behn in England. Abroad, representative authors include Jean Racine and Molière.
II. The Augustan Age (c. 1700-1750): This period is marked by the imitation of Virgil and Horace's literature in English letters. The principal English writers include Addison, Steele, Swift, and Alexander Pope. Abroad, Voltaire is the dominant French writer.
III. The Age of Johnson (c. 1750-1790): This period marks the transition toward the upcoming Romanticism though the period is still largely Neoclassical. Major writers include Dr. Samuel Johnson, Boswell, and Edward Gibbon who represent the Neoclassical tendencies, while writers like Robert Burns, Thomas Gray, Cowper, and Crabbe show movement away from the Neoclassical ideal. In America, this period is called the Colonial Period. It includes colonial and revolutionary writers like Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine.
E. ROMANTIC PERIOD (c. 1790-1830)
Romantic poets write about nature, imagination, and individuality in England. Some Romantics include Coleridge, Blake, Keats, and Shelley in Britain and Johann von Goethe in Germany. Jane Austen also writes at this time, though she is typically not categorized with the male Romantic poets. In America, this period is mirrored in the Transcendental Period from about 1830-1850. Transcendentalists include Emerson and Thoreau. Gothic writings, (c. 1790-1890) overlap with the Romantic and Victorian periods. Writers of Gothic novels (the precursor to horror novels) include Radcliffe, Monk Lewis, and Victorians like Bram Stoker in Britain. In America, Gothic writers include Poe and Hawthorne.
F. VICTORIAN PERIOD And The 19th Century (c. 1832-1901) Writing during the period of Queen Victoria's reign includes sentimental novels. British writers include Elizabeth
Browning, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Robert Browning, Charles Dickens, and the Brontë sisters. PreRaphaelites, like the Rossettis and William Morris, idealize and long for the morality of the medieval world. The end of the Victorian Period is marked by intellectual movements of Aestheticism and "the Decadence" in the writings of Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde. In America, Naturalist writers like Stephen Crane flourish, as do early free verse poets like Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson.
G. MODERN PERIOD (c. 1914-1945) In Britain, modernist writers include W. B. Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Dylan Thomas, W. H. Auden, Virginia Woolf,
and Wilfred Owen. In America, the modernist period includes Robert Frost and Flannery O'Connor as well as the famous writers of The Lost Generation (also called the writers of The Jazz Age, 1914-1929) such as Hemingway, Stein, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner. "The Harlem Renaissance" marks the rise of black writers such as Baldwin and Ellison. Realism is the dominant fashion, but the disillusionment with the World Wars lead to new experimentation.
H. POSTMODERN PERIOD (c. 1945 onward) T. S. Eliot, Morrison, Shaw, Beckett, Stoppard, Fowles, Calvino, Ginsberg, Pynchon, and other modern writers,
poets, and playwrights experiment with metafiction and fragmented poetry. Multiculturalism leads to increasing canonization of non-Caucasian writers such as Langston Hughes, Sandra Cisneros, and Zora Neal Hurston. Magic Realists such as Gabriel García Márquez, Luis Borges, Alejo Carpentier, Günter Grass, and Salman Rushdie flourish with surrealistic writings embroidered in the conventions of realism.
Class : 3B (dik)
Number. Student : 0809446
Lesson : Fondation of Literature
EARLY PERIODS OF LITERATURE
These periods are spans of time in which literature shared intellectual, linguistic, religious, and artistic influences. In the Western tradition, the early periods of literary history are roughly as follows below:
A. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (1200 BCE - 455 CE)
I. HOMERIC or HEROIC PERIOD (1200-800 BCE) Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey. This is a chaotic period of warrior-princes, wandering sea-traders, and fierce pirates.
II. CLASSICAL GREEK PERIOD (800-200 BCE) Greek writers, playwrights, and philosophers such as Gorgias,
Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, and Sophocles. The fifth century (499-400 BCE) in particular is renowned as The Golden Age of Greece. This is the sophisticated period of the polis, or individual City-State, and early democracy. Some of the world's finest art, poetry, drama, architecture, and philosophy originate in Athens.
III. CLASSICAL ROMAN PERIOD (200 BCE-455 CE) Greece's culture gives way to Roman power when Rome
conquers Greece in 146 CE. The Roman Republic was traditionally founded in 509 BCE, but it is limited in size until later. Playwrights of this time include Plautus and Terence. After nearly 500 years as a Republic, Rome slides into dictatorship under Julius Caesar and finally into a monarchial empire under Caesar Augustus in 27 CE. This later period is known as the Roman Imperial period. Roman writers include Ovid, Horace, and Virgil. Roman philosophers include Marcus Aurelius and Lucretius. Roman rhetoricians include Cicero and Quintilian.
IV. PATRISTIC PERIOD (c. 70 CE-455 CE) Early Christian writings appear such as Saint Augustine, Tertullian,
Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose and Saint Jerome. This is the period in which Saint Jerome first compiles the Bible, when Christianity spreads across Europe, and the Roman Empire suffers its dying convulsions. In this period, barbarians attack Rome in 410 CE and the city finally falls to them completely in 455 CE.
B. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD (455 CE-1485 CE)
I. THE OLD ENGLISH (ANGLO-SAXON) PERIOD (428-1066) The so-called "Dark Ages" (455 CE -799 CE) occur when Rome falls and barbarian tribes move into Europe. Franks,
Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Goths settle in the ruins of Europe and the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrate to Britain, displacing native Celts into Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. Early Old English poems such as Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer originate sometime late in the Anglo-Saxon period.
The Carolingian Renaissance (800- 850 CE) emerges in Europe. In central Europe, texts include early medieval grammars, encyclopedias, etc. In northern Europe, this time period marks the setting of Viking sagas.
II. THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (c. 1066-1450 CE) In 1066, Norman French armies invade and conquer England under William I. This marks the end of the Anglo-
Saxon hierarchy and the emergence of the Twelfth Century Renaissance (c. 1100-1200 CE). French chivalric romances--such as works by Chretien de Troyes--and French fables--such as the works of Marie de France and Jeun de Meun--spread in popularity. Abelard and other humanists produce great scholastic and theological works.
Late or "High" Medieval Period (c. 1200-1485 CE): This often tumultuous period is marked by the Middle English writings of Geoffrey Chaucer, the "Gawain" or "Pearl" Poet, the Wakefield Master, and William Langland. Other writers include Italian and French authors like Boccaccio, Petrarch, Dante, and Christine de Pisan.
C. THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION (c. 1485-1660 CE)
(The Renaissance takes place in the late 15th, 16th, and early 17th century in Britain, but somewhat earlier in Italy and the southern Europe, somewhat later in northern Europe.)
I. Early Tudor Period (1485-1558): The War of the Roses ends in England with Henry Tudor (Henry VII) claiming the throne. Martin Luther's split with Rome marks the emergence of Protestantism, followed by Henry VIII's Anglican schism, which creates the first Protestant church in England. Edmund Spenser is a sample poet.
II. Elizabethan Period (1558-1603): Queen Elizabeth saves England from both Spanish invasion and internal squabbles at home. Her reign is marked by the early works of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Kydd, and Sidney.
III. Jacobean Period (1603-1625): Shakespeare's later work, Aemilia Lanyer, Ben Jonson, and John Donne. IV. Caroline Age (1625-1649): John Milton, George Herbert, Robert Herrick, the "Sons of Ben" and others write
during the reign of Charles I and his Cavaliers. V. Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interregnum (1649-1660): Under Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John
Milton continues to write, but we also find writers like Andrew Marvell and Sir Thomas Browne.
LATER PERIODS OF LITERATURE
These periods are spans of time in which literature shared intellectual, linguistic, religious, and artistic influences. In the Western tradition, the later periods of literary history are roughly as follows below:
D. The Enlightenment (Neoclassical) Period (c. 1660-1790)
"Neoclassical" refers to the increased influence of Classical literature upon these centuries. The Neoclassical Period is also called the "Enlightenment" due to the increased reverence for logic and disdain for superstition. The period is marked by the rise of Deism, intellectual backlash against earlier Puritanism, and America's revolution against England. I. Restoration Period (c. 1660-1700): This period marks the British king's restoration to the throne after a long period of Puritan domination in England. Its symptoms include the dominance of French and Classical influences on poetry and drama. Sample writers include John Dryden, John Lock, Sir William Temple, and Samuel Pepys, and Aphra Behn in England. Abroad, representative authors include Jean Racine and Molière.
II. The Augustan Age (c. 1700-1750): This period is marked by the imitation of Virgil and Horace's literature in English letters. The principal English writers include Addison, Steele, Swift, and Alexander Pope. Abroad, Voltaire is the dominant French writer.
III. The Age of Johnson (c. 1750-1790): This period marks the transition toward the upcoming Romanticism though the period is still largely Neoclassical. Major writers include Dr. Samuel Johnson, Boswell, and Edward Gibbon who represent the Neoclassical tendencies, while writers like Robert Burns, Thomas Gray, Cowper, and Crabbe show movement away from the Neoclassical ideal. In America, this period is called the Colonial Period. It includes colonial and revolutionary writers like Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine.
E. ROMANTIC PERIOD (c. 1790-1830)
Romantic poets write about nature, imagination, and individuality in England. Some Romantics include Coleridge, Blake, Keats, and Shelley in Britain and Johann von Goethe in Germany. Jane Austen also writes at this time, though she is typically not categorized with the male Romantic poets. In America, this period is mirrored in the Transcendental Period from about 1830-1850. Transcendentalists include Emerson and Thoreau. Gothic writings, (c. 1790-1890) overlap with the Romantic and Victorian periods. Writers of Gothic novels (the precursor to horror novels) include Radcliffe, Monk Lewis, and Victorians like Bram Stoker in Britain. In America, Gothic writers include Poe and Hawthorne.
F. VICTORIAN PERIOD And The 19th Century (c. 1832-1901) Writing during the period of Queen Victoria's reign includes sentimental novels. British writers include Elizabeth
Browning, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Robert Browning, Charles Dickens, and the Brontë sisters. PreRaphaelites, like the Rossettis and William Morris, idealize and long for the morality of the medieval world. The end of the Victorian Period is marked by intellectual movements of Aestheticism and "the Decadence" in the writings of Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde. In America, Naturalist writers like Stephen Crane flourish, as do early free verse poets like Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson.
G. MODERN PERIOD (c. 1914-1945) In Britain, modernist writers include W. B. Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Dylan Thomas, W. H. Auden, Virginia Woolf,
and Wilfred Owen. In America, the modernist period includes Robert Frost and Flannery O'Connor as well as the famous writers of The Lost Generation (also called the writers of The Jazz Age, 1914-1929) such as Hemingway, Stein, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner. "The Harlem Renaissance" marks the rise of black writers such as Baldwin and Ellison. Realism is the dominant fashion, but the disillusionment with the World Wars lead to new experimentation.
H. POSTMODERN PERIOD (c. 1945 onward) T. S. Eliot, Morrison, Shaw, Beckett, Stoppard, Fowles, Calvino, Ginsberg, Pynchon, and other modern writers,
poets, and playwrights experiment with metafiction and fragmented poetry. Multiculturalism leads to increasing canonization of non-Caucasian writers such as Langston Hughes, Sandra Cisneros, and Zora Neal Hurston. Magic Realists such as Gabriel García Márquez, Luis Borges, Alejo Carpentier, Günter Grass, and Salman Rushdie flourish with surrealistic writings embroidered in the conventions of realism.
Periods of English Literature
Name : Aminurasid
Class : 3B (dik)
Number. Student : 0809446
Lecturer : Miss. Nicke
Lesson : Fondation of Literature
EARLY PERIODS OF LITERATURE
These periods are spans of time in which literature shared intellectual, linguistic, religious, and artistic influences. In the Western tradition, the early periods of literary history are roughly as follows below:
A. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (1200 BCE - 455 CE)
I. HOMERIC or HEROIC PERIOD (1200-800 BCE) Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey. This is a chaotic period of warrior-princes, wandering sea-traders, and fierce pirates.
II. CLASSICAL GREEK PERIOD (800-200 BCE) Greek writers, playwrights, and philosophers such as Gorgias,
Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, and Sophocles. The fifth century (499-400 BCE) in particular is renowned as The Golden Age of Greece. This is the sophisticated period of the polis, or individual City-State, and early democracy. Some of the world's finest art, poetry, drama, architecture, and philosophy originate in Athens.
III. CLASSICAL ROMAN PERIOD (200 BCE-455 CE) Greece's culture gives way to Roman power when Rome
conquers Greece in 146 CE. The Roman Republic was traditionally founded in 509 BCE, but it is limited in size until later. Playwrights of this time include Plautus and Terence. After nearly 500 years as a Republic, Rome slides into dictatorship under Julius Caesar and finally into a monarchial empire under Caesar Augustus in 27 CE. This later period is known as the Roman Imperial period. Roman writers include Ovid, Horace, and Virgil. Roman philosophers include Marcus Aurelius and Lucretius. Roman rhetoricians include Cicero and Quintilian.
IV. PATRISTIC PERIOD (c. 70 CE-455 CE) Early Christian writings appear such as Saint Augustine, Tertullian,
Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose and Saint Jerome. This is the period in which Saint Jerome first compiles the Bible, when Christianity spreads across Europe, and the Roman Empire suffers its dying convulsions. In this period, barbarians attack Rome in 410 CE and the city finally falls to them completely in 455 CE.
B. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD (455 CE-1485 CE)
I. THE OLD ENGLISH (ANGLO-SAXON) PERIOD (428-1066) The so-called "Dark Ages" (455 CE -799 CE) occur when Rome falls and barbarian tribes move into Europe. Franks,
Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Goths settle in the ruins of Europe and the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrate to Britain, displacing native Celts into Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. Early Old English poems such as Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer originate sometime late in the Anglo-Saxon period.
The Carolingian Renaissance (800- 850 CE) emerges in Europe. In central Europe, texts include early medieval grammars, encyclopedias, etc. In northern Europe, this time period marks the setting of Viking sagas.
II. THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (c. 1066-1450 CE) In 1066, Norman French armies invade and conquer England under William I. This marks the end of the Anglo-
Saxon hierarchy and the emergence of the Twelfth Century Renaissance (c. 1100-1200 CE). French chivalric romances--such as works by Chretien de Troyes--and French fables--such as the works of Marie de France and Jeun de Meun--spread in popularity. Abelard and other humanists produce great scholastic and theological works.
Late or "High" Medieval Period (c. 1200-1485 CE): This often tumultuous period is marked by the Middle English writings of Geoffrey Chaucer, the "Gawain" or "Pearl" Poet, the Wakefield Master, and William Langland. Other writers include Italian and French authors like Boccaccio, Petrarch, Dante, and Christine de Pisan.
C. THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION (c. 1485-1660 CE)
(The Renaissance takes place in the late 15th, 16th, and early 17th century in Britain, but somewhat earlier in Italy and the southern Europe, somewhat later in northern Europe.)
I. Early Tudor Period (1485-1558): The War of the Roses ends in England with Henry Tudor (Henry VII) claiming the throne. Martin Luther's split with Rome marks the emergence of Protestantism, followed by Henry VIII's Anglican schism, which creates the first Protestant church in England. Edmund Spenser is a sample poet.
II. Elizabethan Period (1558-1603): Queen Elizabeth saves England from both Spanish invasion and internal squabbles at home. Her reign is marked by the early works of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Kydd, and Sidney.
III. Jacobean Period (1603-1625): Shakespeare's later work, Aemilia Lanyer, Ben Jonson, and John Donne. IV. Caroline Age (1625-1649): John Milton, George Herbert, Robert Herrick, the "Sons of Ben" and others write
during the reign of Charles I and his Cavaliers. V. Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interregnum (1649-1660): Under Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John
Milton continues to write, but we also find writers like Andrew Marvell and Sir Thomas Browne.
LATER PERIODS OF LITERATURE
These periods are spans of time in which literature shared intellectual, linguistic, religious, and artistic influences. In the Western tradition, the later periods of literary history are roughly as follows below:
D. The Enlightenment (Neoclassical) Period (c. 1660-1790)
"Neoclassical" refers to the increased influence of Classical literature upon these centuries. The Neoclassical Period is also called the "Enlightenment" due to the increased reverence for logic and disdain for superstition. The period is marked by the rise of Deism, intellectual backlash against earlier Puritanism, and America's revolution against England. I. Restoration Period (c. 1660-1700): This period marks the British king's restoration to the throne after a long period of Puritan domination in England. Its symptoms include the dominance of French and Classical influences on poetry and drama. Sample writers include John Dryden, John Lock, Sir William Temple, and Samuel Pepys, and Aphra Behn in England. Abroad, representative authors include Jean Racine and Molière.
II. The Augustan Age (c. 1700-1750): This period is marked by the imitation of Virgil and Horace's literature in English letters. The principal English writers include Addison, Steele, Swift, and Alexander Pope. Abroad, Voltaire is the dominant French writer.
III. The Age of Johnson (c. 1750-1790): This period marks the transition toward the upcoming Romanticism though the period is still largely Neoclassical. Major writers include Dr. Samuel Johnson, Boswell, and Edward Gibbon who represent the Neoclassical tendencies, while writers like Robert Burns, Thomas Gray, Cowper, and Crabbe show movement away from the Neoclassical ideal. In America, this period is called the Colonial Period. It includes colonial and revolutionary writers like Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine.
E. ROMANTIC PERIOD (c. 1790-1830)
Romantic poets write about nature, imagination, and individuality in England. Some Romantics include Coleridge, Blake, Keats, and Shelley in Britain and Johann von Goethe in Germany. Jane Austen also writes at this time, though she is typically not categorized with the male Romantic poets. In America, this period is mirrored in the Transcendental Period from about 1830-1850. Transcendentalists include Emerson and Thoreau. Gothic writings, (c. 1790-1890) overlap with the Romantic and Victorian periods. Writers of Gothic novels (the precursor to horror novels) include Radcliffe, Monk Lewis, and Victorians like Bram Stoker in Britain. In America, Gothic writers include Poe and Hawthorne.
F. VICTORIAN PERIOD And The 19th Century (c. 1832-1901) Writing during the period of Queen Victoria's reign includes sentimental novels. British writers include Elizabeth
Browning, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Robert Browning, Charles Dickens, and the Brontë sisters. PreRaphaelites, like the Rossettis and William Morris, idealize and long for the morality of the medieval world. The end of the Victorian Period is marked by intellectual movements of Aestheticism and "the Decadence" in the writings of Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde. In America, Naturalist writers like Stephen Crane flourish, as do early free verse poets like Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson.
G. MODERN PERIOD (c. 1914-1945) In Britain, modernist writers include W. B. Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Dylan Thomas, W. H. Auden, Virginia Woolf,
and Wilfred Owen. In America, the modernist period includes Robert Frost and Flannery O'Connor as well as the famous writers of The Lost Generation (also called the writers of The Jazz Age, 1914-1929) such as Hemingway, Stein, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner. "The Harlem Renaissance" marks the rise of black writers such as Baldwin and Ellison. Realism is the dominant fashion, but the disillusionment with the World Wars lead to new experimentation.
H. POSTMODERN PERIOD (c. 1945 onward) T. S. Eliot, Morrison, Shaw, Beckett, Stoppard, Fowles, Calvino, Ginsberg, Pynchon, and other modern writers,
poets, and playwrights experiment with metafiction and fragmented poetry. Multiculturalism leads to increasing canonization of non-Caucasian writers such as Langston Hughes, Sandra Cisneros, and Zora Neal Hurston. Magic Realists such as Gabriel García Márquez, Luis Borges, Alejo Carpentier, Günter Grass, and Salman Rushdie flourish with surrealistic writings embroidered in the conventions of realism.
Class : 3B (dik)
Number. Student : 0809446
Lecturer : Miss. Nicke
Lesson : Fondation of Literature
EARLY PERIODS OF LITERATURE
These periods are spans of time in which literature shared intellectual, linguistic, religious, and artistic influences. In the Western tradition, the early periods of literary history are roughly as follows below:
A. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (1200 BCE - 455 CE)
I. HOMERIC or HEROIC PERIOD (1200-800 BCE) Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey. This is a chaotic period of warrior-princes, wandering sea-traders, and fierce pirates.
II. CLASSICAL GREEK PERIOD (800-200 BCE) Greek writers, playwrights, and philosophers such as Gorgias,
Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, and Sophocles. The fifth century (499-400 BCE) in particular is renowned as The Golden Age of Greece. This is the sophisticated period of the polis, or individual City-State, and early democracy. Some of the world's finest art, poetry, drama, architecture, and philosophy originate in Athens.
III. CLASSICAL ROMAN PERIOD (200 BCE-455 CE) Greece's culture gives way to Roman power when Rome
conquers Greece in 146 CE. The Roman Republic was traditionally founded in 509 BCE, but it is limited in size until later. Playwrights of this time include Plautus and Terence. After nearly 500 years as a Republic, Rome slides into dictatorship under Julius Caesar and finally into a monarchial empire under Caesar Augustus in 27 CE. This later period is known as the Roman Imperial period. Roman writers include Ovid, Horace, and Virgil. Roman philosophers include Marcus Aurelius and Lucretius. Roman rhetoricians include Cicero and Quintilian.
IV. PATRISTIC PERIOD (c. 70 CE-455 CE) Early Christian writings appear such as Saint Augustine, Tertullian,
Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose and Saint Jerome. This is the period in which Saint Jerome first compiles the Bible, when Christianity spreads across Europe, and the Roman Empire suffers its dying convulsions. In this period, barbarians attack Rome in 410 CE and the city finally falls to them completely in 455 CE.
B. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD (455 CE-1485 CE)
I. THE OLD ENGLISH (ANGLO-SAXON) PERIOD (428-1066) The so-called "Dark Ages" (455 CE -799 CE) occur when Rome falls and barbarian tribes move into Europe. Franks,
Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Goths settle in the ruins of Europe and the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrate to Britain, displacing native Celts into Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. Early Old English poems such as Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer originate sometime late in the Anglo-Saxon period.
The Carolingian Renaissance (800- 850 CE) emerges in Europe. In central Europe, texts include early medieval grammars, encyclopedias, etc. In northern Europe, this time period marks the setting of Viking sagas.
II. THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (c. 1066-1450 CE) In 1066, Norman French armies invade and conquer England under William I. This marks the end of the Anglo-
Saxon hierarchy and the emergence of the Twelfth Century Renaissance (c. 1100-1200 CE). French chivalric romances--such as works by Chretien de Troyes--and French fables--such as the works of Marie de France and Jeun de Meun--spread in popularity. Abelard and other humanists produce great scholastic and theological works.
Late or "High" Medieval Period (c. 1200-1485 CE): This often tumultuous period is marked by the Middle English writings of Geoffrey Chaucer, the "Gawain" or "Pearl" Poet, the Wakefield Master, and William Langland. Other writers include Italian and French authors like Boccaccio, Petrarch, Dante, and Christine de Pisan.
C. THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION (c. 1485-1660 CE)
(The Renaissance takes place in the late 15th, 16th, and early 17th century in Britain, but somewhat earlier in Italy and the southern Europe, somewhat later in northern Europe.)
I. Early Tudor Period (1485-1558): The War of the Roses ends in England with Henry Tudor (Henry VII) claiming the throne. Martin Luther's split with Rome marks the emergence of Protestantism, followed by Henry VIII's Anglican schism, which creates the first Protestant church in England. Edmund Spenser is a sample poet.
II. Elizabethan Period (1558-1603): Queen Elizabeth saves England from both Spanish invasion and internal squabbles at home. Her reign is marked by the early works of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Kydd, and Sidney.
III. Jacobean Period (1603-1625): Shakespeare's later work, Aemilia Lanyer, Ben Jonson, and John Donne. IV. Caroline Age (1625-1649): John Milton, George Herbert, Robert Herrick, the "Sons of Ben" and others write
during the reign of Charles I and his Cavaliers. V. Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interregnum (1649-1660): Under Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John
Milton continues to write, but we also find writers like Andrew Marvell and Sir Thomas Browne.
LATER PERIODS OF LITERATURE
These periods are spans of time in which literature shared intellectual, linguistic, religious, and artistic influences. In the Western tradition, the later periods of literary history are roughly as follows below:
D. The Enlightenment (Neoclassical) Period (c. 1660-1790)
"Neoclassical" refers to the increased influence of Classical literature upon these centuries. The Neoclassical Period is also called the "Enlightenment" due to the increased reverence for logic and disdain for superstition. The period is marked by the rise of Deism, intellectual backlash against earlier Puritanism, and America's revolution against England. I. Restoration Period (c. 1660-1700): This period marks the British king's restoration to the throne after a long period of Puritan domination in England. Its symptoms include the dominance of French and Classical influences on poetry and drama. Sample writers include John Dryden, John Lock, Sir William Temple, and Samuel Pepys, and Aphra Behn in England. Abroad, representative authors include Jean Racine and Molière.
II. The Augustan Age (c. 1700-1750): This period is marked by the imitation of Virgil and Horace's literature in English letters. The principal English writers include Addison, Steele, Swift, and Alexander Pope. Abroad, Voltaire is the dominant French writer.
III. The Age of Johnson (c. 1750-1790): This period marks the transition toward the upcoming Romanticism though the period is still largely Neoclassical. Major writers include Dr. Samuel Johnson, Boswell, and Edward Gibbon who represent the Neoclassical tendencies, while writers like Robert Burns, Thomas Gray, Cowper, and Crabbe show movement away from the Neoclassical ideal. In America, this period is called the Colonial Period. It includes colonial and revolutionary writers like Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine.
E. ROMANTIC PERIOD (c. 1790-1830)
Romantic poets write about nature, imagination, and individuality in England. Some Romantics include Coleridge, Blake, Keats, and Shelley in Britain and Johann von Goethe in Germany. Jane Austen also writes at this time, though she is typically not categorized with the male Romantic poets. In America, this period is mirrored in the Transcendental Period from about 1830-1850. Transcendentalists include Emerson and Thoreau. Gothic writings, (c. 1790-1890) overlap with the Romantic and Victorian periods. Writers of Gothic novels (the precursor to horror novels) include Radcliffe, Monk Lewis, and Victorians like Bram Stoker in Britain. In America, Gothic writers include Poe and Hawthorne.
F. VICTORIAN PERIOD And The 19th Century (c. 1832-1901) Writing during the period of Queen Victoria's reign includes sentimental novels. British writers include Elizabeth
Browning, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Robert Browning, Charles Dickens, and the Brontë sisters. PreRaphaelites, like the Rossettis and William Morris, idealize and long for the morality of the medieval world. The end of the Victorian Period is marked by intellectual movements of Aestheticism and "the Decadence" in the writings of Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde. In America, Naturalist writers like Stephen Crane flourish, as do early free verse poets like Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson.
G. MODERN PERIOD (c. 1914-1945) In Britain, modernist writers include W. B. Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Dylan Thomas, W. H. Auden, Virginia Woolf,
and Wilfred Owen. In America, the modernist period includes Robert Frost and Flannery O'Connor as well as the famous writers of The Lost Generation (also called the writers of The Jazz Age, 1914-1929) such as Hemingway, Stein, Fitzgerald, and Faulkner. "The Harlem Renaissance" marks the rise of black writers such as Baldwin and Ellison. Realism is the dominant fashion, but the disillusionment with the World Wars lead to new experimentation.
H. POSTMODERN PERIOD (c. 1945 onward) T. S. Eliot, Morrison, Shaw, Beckett, Stoppard, Fowles, Calvino, Ginsberg, Pynchon, and other modern writers,
poets, and playwrights experiment with metafiction and fragmented poetry. Multiculturalism leads to increasing canonization of non-Caucasian writers such as Langston Hughes, Sandra Cisneros, and Zora Neal Hurston. Magic Realists such as Gabriel García Márquez, Luis Borges, Alejo Carpentier, Günter Grass, and Salman Rushdie flourish with surrealistic writings embroidered in the conventions of realism.
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