Periods of English Literature
Disusun untuk memenuhi tugas Foundations of Literature (IG 105)
Disusun untuk memenuhi tugas Foundations of Literature (IG 105)
Disusun Oleh :
Nama : Merry Christianty
NIM : 0807349
Kelas : 3B
NIM : 0807349
Kelas : 3B
Periods of English Literature
Periods of English Literature are periodical classifications of English literatures based on history of the language (Old and Middle English), national history (Colonial Period), politics and religion (Elizabethan and Puritan Age) and art (Renaissance and Modernism). Below are the most important periods of English and American literary table.
Middle English Period 12th-15th century (1066-1500)
Renaissance 16th-17th century (1500-1660)
Augustan Age (or Age of Pope) 18th century (1700-1745)
Romantic Period First half of 19th century (1785-1830)
Victorian Age Second half of 19th century (1832-1901)
Modernism First to Second World War (1914-1945)
Postmodernism 1960s and 1970s
Romantic Period and Transcendentalism First half of 19th century
Realism and Naturalism Second half of 19th century
Modernism First to Second World War
Postmodernism 1960s and 1970s
Below is the explanation of each period including English (British) Literature periods and American Literature periods.
I. Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period, is the earliest period of English Literature refers to the literature produced from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror. During this period, written literature began to develop from oral storytelling tradition. The earliest texts, written between the eighth and eleventh centuries, are called Old English or “Anglo-Saxon”. The number of texts from this period is very small, comprising anonymous magic charms, riddles, and poems such as “The Seafarer” (c.9th century) or “The Wanderer” (c. 9th-10th centuries), as well as several epic works such as the mythological Beowulf (c. 8th century) or The Battle of Maldon (c. 1000), which is based on historical facts.
II. Middle English Period, consists of the literature produced in the four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and about 1500, when the standard literary language, derived from the dialect of the London area, became recognizable as “modern English”. A number of texts from various literary genres have been preserved such as lyric poetry and epic “long poems” with religious contents, such as Piers Plowman (c. 1367-70), the romance, such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (c. 14th century) and Thomas Malory’s (c. 1408-71) Le Morte d’Arthur (1470), and cycles of narratives, such as Geoffrey Chaucer’s (c. 1340-1400) Canterbury Tales (c. 1387).
III. The English Renaissance, is also called the Early New English Period, a term which focuses on the history of the language, and the Elizabethan Age (Queen Elizabeth I) or Jacobean Age (King James), divisions based on political rule. Particularly notable in this period is the revival of classical genres, such as the epic with Edmund Spenser’s (c. 1554-99) Faerie Queene (1590; 1596), and the drama with William Shakespeare (1564-1616), Christopher Marlowe (1564-93) and others. English Renaissance also produced relatively independent prose genres, as for example, John Lyly’s (c. 1554-1606) romance Euphues (1578) or Philip Sidney’s (1554-86) Arcadia (c.1580). A quite unusual literary form showing affinity to drama of the time is the Court Masque. The prohibition of drama for religious reasons and the closure of public theaters during the “Puritan interegnum” (establishment of Commonwealth) greatly influenced English literary history. At this time, John Milton’s (1608-74) Paradise Lost (1667) and Paradise Regained (1671) mark both the climax and the end of English Renaissance. In literary history the era after the Commonwealth is also referred to as the Restoration or as Baroque.
IV. Augustan Age (or Age of Pope), derives its name from the brilliant literary period of Vergil and Ovid under the Roman emperor Augustus (27 B.C. - A.D. 14). In this period, classical literature and literary theory were adapted to suit contemporary culture. Authors such as John Dryden (1631-1700), Alexander Pope (1688-1744), Joseph Addison (1672-1719), and Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) wrote translations, theoretical essays and literary texts in a variety of genres. This was also a time of influential changes in the distribution texts, including the development of novel as a new genre such as Daniel Defoe’s (1660-1731) Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson’s (1689-1761) Pamela (1740-41) and Clarissa (1748-49), Henry Fielding’s (170754) Tom Jones (1749) and Laurence Sterne’s (1713-68) Tristram Shandy (1767-68), and the introduction of newspapers and literary magazines such as The Tatler (1709-11) and The Spectactor (1711-14).
V. Puritan or Colonial Age, can be seen as the first literary phenomenon on the North American continent and motivate religiously much of the literary writing in America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Early American texts reflect the religious roots of American colonial times such as Cotton Mather’s (1663-1728) and John Winthrop’s (1588-1649) notes in diary form and Anne Bradstreet’s (c. 1612-72) poetry. In recent years there has been increased interest in works by African American slaves, such as Phillis Wheatley’s (c. 1753-84) Poems on Various Subjects (1773).
VI. Romantic Period, began in the late 18th century and lasted until approximately 1832. The first edition of the Lyrical Ballads (1798) by William Wordsworth (1770-1850) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) is commonly considered to be the beginning of a new period in which Nature and individual, emotional experience play an important role. In addition to Wordsworth and Coleridge, the most important representatives of English Romanticism include William Blake (1757-1827), John Keats (1795-1821), Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), and Mary Shelley (1797-1851).
VII. Transcendetalism, developed as an independent movement in the first half of the nineteenth century, influenced by Romantic enthusiasm for nature and German idealism. In Transcendentalism, nature provides the key to philosophical understanding. The central texts of this movement are Ralph Waldo Emerson’s (1803-82) philosophical writings, including the essay Nature (1836), Nathaniel Hawthorne’s (1804-64) short stories, Henry David Thoreau’s (1817-62) novel Walden (1854), Herman Melville’s (1819-91) Moby Dick (1851), and Walt Whitman’s (1819-92) poetry in Leaves of Grass.
VIII. Realism and Naturalism, is the most important international literary movements. Realism is often described as the movement which tries to truthfully describe “reality” through language. Naturalism concentrates on the truthful portrayal of the determining effects of social and environmental influences on characters. While United States, these movements manifest themselves mostly in fiction, England is also famous for its dramas, including the works of George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950). The representatives from this period are American novelists such as Mark Twain (1835-1910), Henry James (1843-1916) and Kate Chopin (1851-1901) and English authors such as Charles Dickens (1812-70), William M. Thackeray (1811-63), Charlotte (1816-55), Emily Bronte (1818-48) and George Elliot (1819-80) which in England roughly coincides with the Victorian Age.
IX. Victorian Age, began with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne in 1837, and lasted until her death in 1901. Because the Victorian Period of English literature spans over six decades, the year 1870 is often used to divide the era into "early Victorian" and "late Victorian." In general, Victorian literature deals with the issues and problems of the day. Some contemporary issues that the Victorians dealt with include the social, economic, religious, and intellectual issues and problems surrounding the Industrial Revolution, growing class tensions, the early feminist movement, pressures toward political and social reform, and the impact of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution on philosophy and religion. Some of the most famous authors of the Victorian era include Alfred Lord Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, her husband Robert, Matthew Arnold, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy.
X. Modernism, is a blanket term which encompasses the extensive literary innovations in the first decades of the twentieth century which manifest themselves under the influence of psychoanalysis and other cultural-historical phenomena. The main works include James Joyce’s (1882-1941) Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939), Virginia Woolf’s (1882-1941) Mrs Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927), Gertrude Stein’s (1874-1946) Three Lives (1909), Ezra Pound’s (1885-1972) The Cantos (1915-70), T.S. Eliot’s (1888-1965) The Waste Land (1922) and William Faulkner’s (1897-1962) The Sound and the Fury (1929).
XI. Postmodernism, took up modernist issues regarding innovative narrative techniques and adapt it in an academic, sometimes formalistic way. Narrative techniques with multiple perspectives, interwoven strands of plot and experiments in typography characterize the texts of this era. Works such as John Barth’s (1930) Lost in the Funhouse (1968), Thomas Pynchon’s (1937) The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), Raymond Federman’s (1928) Double or Nothing (1971), and John Fowles’s (1926) The French Lieutenant’s Woman (1969) helped the movement to attain recognition in literary criticism. Both the Drama of the Absurd, including works such as Samuel Beckett’s (1906-89) Waiting for Godot (1952) and Tom Stoppard’s (1937) Travesties (1974), and Postmodern film adapt many elements from Postmodern poetry and fiction to suit their media.
Periods of English Literature
Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period 5th-11th century (450-1066)Middle English Period 12th-15th century (1066-1500)
Renaissance 16th-17th century (1500-1660)
Augustan Age (or Age of Pope) 18th century (1700-1745)
Romantic Period First half of 19th century (1785-1830)
Victorian Age Second half of 19th century (1832-1901)
Modernism First to Second World War (1914-1945)
Postmodernism 1960s and 1970s
Periods of American Literature
Colonial or Puritan Age 17th-18th centuryRomantic Period and Transcendentalism First half of 19th century
Realism and Naturalism Second half of 19th century
Modernism First to Second World War
Postmodernism 1960s and 1970s
Below is the explanation of each period including English (British) Literature periods and American Literature periods.
I. Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period, is the earliest period of English Literature refers to the literature produced from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror. During this period, written literature began to develop from oral storytelling tradition. The earliest texts, written between the eighth and eleventh centuries, are called Old English or “Anglo-Saxon”. The number of texts from this period is very small, comprising anonymous magic charms, riddles, and poems such as “The Seafarer” (c.9th century) or “The Wanderer” (c. 9th-10th centuries), as well as several epic works such as the mythological Beowulf (c. 8th century) or The Battle of Maldon (c. 1000), which is based on historical facts.
II. Middle English Period, consists of the literature produced in the four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and about 1500, when the standard literary language, derived from the dialect of the London area, became recognizable as “modern English”. A number of texts from various literary genres have been preserved such as lyric poetry and epic “long poems” with religious contents, such as Piers Plowman (c. 1367-70), the romance, such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (c. 14th century) and Thomas Malory’s (c. 1408-71) Le Morte d’Arthur (1470), and cycles of narratives, such as Geoffrey Chaucer’s (c. 1340-1400) Canterbury Tales (c. 1387).
III. The English Renaissance, is also called the Early New English Period, a term which focuses on the history of the language, and the Elizabethan Age (Queen Elizabeth I) or Jacobean Age (King James), divisions based on political rule. Particularly notable in this period is the revival of classical genres, such as the epic with Edmund Spenser’s (c. 1554-99) Faerie Queene (1590; 1596), and the drama with William Shakespeare (1564-1616), Christopher Marlowe (1564-93) and others. English Renaissance also produced relatively independent prose genres, as for example, John Lyly’s (c. 1554-1606) romance Euphues (1578) or Philip Sidney’s (1554-86) Arcadia (c.1580). A quite unusual literary form showing affinity to drama of the time is the Court Masque. The prohibition of drama for religious reasons and the closure of public theaters during the “Puritan interegnum” (establishment of Commonwealth) greatly influenced English literary history. At this time, John Milton’s (1608-74) Paradise Lost (1667) and Paradise Regained (1671) mark both the climax and the end of English Renaissance. In literary history the era after the Commonwealth is also referred to as the Restoration or as Baroque.
IV. Augustan Age (or Age of Pope), derives its name from the brilliant literary period of Vergil and Ovid under the Roman emperor Augustus (27 B.C. - A.D. 14). In this period, classical literature and literary theory were adapted to suit contemporary culture. Authors such as John Dryden (1631-1700), Alexander Pope (1688-1744), Joseph Addison (1672-1719), and Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) wrote translations, theoretical essays and literary texts in a variety of genres. This was also a time of influential changes in the distribution texts, including the development of novel as a new genre such as Daniel Defoe’s (1660-1731) Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson’s (1689-1761) Pamela (1740-41) and Clarissa (1748-49), Henry Fielding’s (170754) Tom Jones (1749) and Laurence Sterne’s (1713-68) Tristram Shandy (1767-68), and the introduction of newspapers and literary magazines such as The Tatler (1709-11) and The Spectactor (1711-14).
V. Puritan or Colonial Age, can be seen as the first literary phenomenon on the North American continent and motivate religiously much of the literary writing in America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Early American texts reflect the religious roots of American colonial times such as Cotton Mather’s (1663-1728) and John Winthrop’s (1588-1649) notes in diary form and Anne Bradstreet’s (c. 1612-72) poetry. In recent years there has been increased interest in works by African American slaves, such as Phillis Wheatley’s (c. 1753-84) Poems on Various Subjects (1773).
VI. Romantic Period, began in the late 18th century and lasted until approximately 1832. The first edition of the Lyrical Ballads (1798) by William Wordsworth (1770-1850) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) is commonly considered to be the beginning of a new period in which Nature and individual, emotional experience play an important role. In addition to Wordsworth and Coleridge, the most important representatives of English Romanticism include William Blake (1757-1827), John Keats (1795-1821), Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), and Mary Shelley (1797-1851).
VII. Transcendetalism, developed as an independent movement in the first half of the nineteenth century, influenced by Romantic enthusiasm for nature and German idealism. In Transcendentalism, nature provides the key to philosophical understanding. The central texts of this movement are Ralph Waldo Emerson’s (1803-82) philosophical writings, including the essay Nature (1836), Nathaniel Hawthorne’s (1804-64) short stories, Henry David Thoreau’s (1817-62) novel Walden (1854), Herman Melville’s (1819-91) Moby Dick (1851), and Walt Whitman’s (1819-92) poetry in Leaves of Grass.
VIII. Realism and Naturalism, is the most important international literary movements. Realism is often described as the movement which tries to truthfully describe “reality” through language. Naturalism concentrates on the truthful portrayal of the determining effects of social and environmental influences on characters. While United States, these movements manifest themselves mostly in fiction, England is also famous for its dramas, including the works of George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950). The representatives from this period are American novelists such as Mark Twain (1835-1910), Henry James (1843-1916) and Kate Chopin (1851-1901) and English authors such as Charles Dickens (1812-70), William M. Thackeray (1811-63), Charlotte (1816-55), Emily Bronte (1818-48) and George Elliot (1819-80) which in England roughly coincides with the Victorian Age.
IX. Victorian Age, began with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne in 1837, and lasted until her death in 1901. Because the Victorian Period of English literature spans over six decades, the year 1870 is often used to divide the era into "early Victorian" and "late Victorian." In general, Victorian literature deals with the issues and problems of the day. Some contemporary issues that the Victorians dealt with include the social, economic, religious, and intellectual issues and problems surrounding the Industrial Revolution, growing class tensions, the early feminist movement, pressures toward political and social reform, and the impact of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution on philosophy and religion. Some of the most famous authors of the Victorian era include Alfred Lord Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, her husband Robert, Matthew Arnold, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy.
X. Modernism, is a blanket term which encompasses the extensive literary innovations in the first decades of the twentieth century which manifest themselves under the influence of psychoanalysis and other cultural-historical phenomena. The main works include James Joyce’s (1882-1941) Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939), Virginia Woolf’s (1882-1941) Mrs Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927), Gertrude Stein’s (1874-1946) Three Lives (1909), Ezra Pound’s (1885-1972) The Cantos (1915-70), T.S. Eliot’s (1888-1965) The Waste Land (1922) and William Faulkner’s (1897-1962) The Sound and the Fury (1929).
XI. Postmodernism, took up modernist issues regarding innovative narrative techniques and adapt it in an academic, sometimes formalistic way. Narrative techniques with multiple perspectives, interwoven strands of plot and experiments in typography characterize the texts of this era. Works such as John Barth’s (1930) Lost in the Funhouse (1968), Thomas Pynchon’s (1937) The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), Raymond Federman’s (1928) Double or Nothing (1971), and John Fowles’s (1926) The French Lieutenant’s Woman (1969) helped the movement to attain recognition in literary criticism. Both the Drama of the Absurd, including works such as Samuel Beckett’s (1906-89) Waiting for Godot (1952) and Tom Stoppard’s (1937) Travesties (1974), and Postmodern film adapt many elements from Postmodern poetry and fiction to suit their media.
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